Media And Agenda Setting Effects On The Public, Interest...

Lomax Cook, Fay, et al. Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy. The Public Opinion Quartely, vol. 47, no. 1, Spring 1983, pp. 16-35. JSTOR. Researchers analyzed the impact of the mass media on the general public, policy makers, interest group leaders, and public policy. Results indicated the media influenced views about issue importance among the general public and government policy makers. However, the change in public opinion regarding a specific issue did not directly result in policy changes, rather policy changes were a result of collaboration between journalists and government staffers. Ludwig, Mark D. Papers Endorse Republicans in Nearly 60 Percent of Races.†¦show more content†¦Political News Market. American Journal of Political Science, vol. 54, no. 2, Apr. 2010, pp. 428-39. JSTOR. Individuals who view the most non-centrist television news sources (CNN and Fox News) are further from the political ideological center. On the other hand, those who use the internet for news are interested in a broader array of issues, compared to those who do not. Partisanship and Cable News Audiences. Pew Research Center, 30 Oct. 2009, www.pewresearch.org/2009/10/30/partisanship-and-cable-news-audiences/. Survey complied in 2008 detailing the audience profiles of various cable news networks, including Fox news, CNN, and MSNBC. Pelc, Jerzy. Theoretical Foundations of Semiotics. The American Journal of Semiotics, vol. 1, no. 2, 1981, pp. 15-45. ProQuest Research Library. The theoretical foundations of semiotics, including: (1) five notions of semiotics, (2) semiotic properties, (3) theoretical semiotics, (4) semiotic methods, and (5) applied semiotics. Rasul, Azmat. Entertainment and Political Citizenship: The Changing Trends in Political Communication. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, vol. 47, no. 2, Nov. 2010. ProQuest Research Library. Mass media has developed a symbiotic relationship with politics, thus transforming the nature of citizenship; politics must maintain a relationship with culture of fear becoming â€Å"an alien sphere in which citizens will be less interested.† Rosenstiel, Tom, and Marion Just. FiveShow MoreRelatedArticle Review : Politics And The Policymaking Process778 Words   |  4 Pagesdecision making and funding public policies. The article deciphers the policymaking process while identifying the policy problems and the contributors that influence change in public policy. The scholars that contributed to the article, identified five steps in the policymaking process; (1) Identifying policy problems, (2) Formulating policy proposals, (3) Legitimizing public policy, (4) Implementing public policy, and (5) Evaluating public policy. In order to identify policy problems, one must identifyRead MoreThe Importance Of Framing And Agenda Setting1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe phenomenon of media covers a vast amount of space in terms of its definition as well as whether it has a physical or contextual meaning. It is fundamental to understand the supremacy media upholds, however; vital to recognize the ways in which it shapes our lives. Elegan tly put, media may not tell us what to think, but rather what to think about. What this means is that, we are not necessarily conditioned to believe what the media wants us to think, but instead the ideas of what is importantRead MoreA Critical Analysis of the Policy Making Process in Public Administration3090 Words   |  13 Pagesdemocratic elections lots of laws and policies have been changed as well. When a policy is being made it will always involve interaction between the population and the institutions that have to perform the policy making functions. Interaction takes place by means of elections, meetings between the people and officials, public opinion surveys, media campaigns, etc. No policy can be made in an disorderly manner, so if the information which is needed to decide on a new policy is not correct, no planning canRead MoreThe Border Security Act Of 20131701 Words   |  7 Pages Two bills which failed to pass congress, illustrate the contemporary shortcomings of congress and the reason so many Americans view the legislature as so disconnected with the public. The Border Security bill was drafted to address the mismanagement of the Department of Homeland Security in regard to immigration policy, and would have provided more clear paths to citizenship for millions of undocumented workers. Another bill, the â€Å"Safe Communities, Safe Schools Act of 2013† drafter to tighten gunRead MoreWho Takes Advantage Of Media Coverage?1379 Words   |  6 Pages Who takes Advantage of Media Coverage? Tyasia Senega American River College Media Research Projects Professor Wilbur Johnson November 25th, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract Media coverage over the years has expanded quickly with the help of new age technology, forcing today’s society on total reliance of media coverage. With the news in the palm of our hands, we are constantly being updated on worldwide dilemmas every second, but who takes advantage of coverage? Using coverage for the downfall of othersRead MoreThesis on Print Media16077 Words   |  65 PagesPRINT MEDIA IMPACT ON STATE LEGISLATIVE POLICY AGENDAS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Mass Communication in The Manship School of Mass Communication By Abby Kral B.A., University of South Florida, 1996 May, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................Read MoreThe Extent to Which the Policy Process in Britain is Open Democracy1955 Words   |  8 PagesThe Extent to Which the Policy Process in Britain is Open Democracy To what extent is the policy process in Britain open and democratic? In order to accomplish this, the terms democracy and policy will be defined, a brief overview of the policy process will be given, and groups who influence the policy process will be identified and their role within Read MorePolicy and Social Media1805 Words   |  8 PagesDepartments: Korean Consumer Society Social Media’s Impact on Policy Making (Age) 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50-59 60 and above Source: National Election Commission (Aug 3, 2010). Press Release: â€Å"Analysis of Voting Rates in the 5th Nationwide Local Elections.† October 2011 | SERI Quarterly | 125 Social Media’s Impact on Policy Making has also become a potential solution for Korea’s government to improve operations and address numerous issues. According to the 2011 IMD WorldRead MoreNsl Final Exam Study Guide7447 Words   |  30 Pagesthe nation so they are more likely to strike down laws and policies as unconstitutional if it affects the nation. 2. Public opinion polls are a way to link the public with elected officials. Members of Congress often use polls to understand the views of their constituents, but they must also pay attention to other political considerations. a. Identify two characteristics of a valid, scientific, public opinion poll. There are multiple factors that you can observeRead MorePowerful Mass Media Campaigning On Canada1995 Words   |  8 PagesPowerful Mass-Media Campaigning in Canada The media has never had the extreme omnipresence it had during the most recent federal elections. For more and more people the media is becoming something habitual, and politicians were among the first to take advantage of this fact. Be it a parties usage of online social platforms, 24-hour news broadcasting stations, or circa the 1800s printed word, there is no doubt the typical citizen feels connected in some regards to this mass of media. With most third-party

Maids Taking over the Role of Parents Free Essays

Maids are taking over the role of parents? AS a parent, I read with interest how many busy parents â€Å"outsource† their work in raising their kids to their maids at home. (â€Å"Maids are taking over parenting role† – NST, May 10). In many homes these days, both parents work to pay the bills. We will write a custom essay sample on Maids Taking over the Role of Parents or any similar topic only for you Order Now But a better income does not mean a better quality of life for the family at home. Children would rather spend more time with their parents than be given money or presents as substitutes for parental attention. I believe children’s behavior is the product of their environment. If children live with criticism, they learn to condemn. If they live with tolerance, they learn to be patient. If children learn about sharing, they learn to be generous. If children live with praise, they learn to appreciate. Child minders are not good role models for our young kids to follow as their norms and values may not be suited to local conditions. I may not be a very good person, I have fights with my maid like, every single day, every single time. she’s so annoying sometimes. And when she screams, we couldn’t compare the difference between a pontianak and my maid. I mean, aren’t you afraid of indonesian maids? To me, they’re scary. Like, literally scary. So, never tie a string with a maid, tie a rope with your parents. Wow, that might be the best idiom ever. Or is it? Score gila siallll. Stay-in Maids have taken the role of parents (Government Team’s points. ) – Maids are always at home. – Maids know the children better (personality, behavior) – Maids are always available when the children need help. – Maids care for the children. – Parents are too dependent on maids. *For example: A parent sends his/her child to school, and the parent wants to know how his/her child behaves in school. So the parent asks the teacher about his/her child’s behavior. Just because the teacher spends more time with the child in school doesn’t mean the teacher is the parent of the child who knows the child more. Tell me, worthy opponents. Why is this so? High-achievers: -Some parents want their child to be high-achievers when they grow up. Therefore, they send their child to piano classes, tae kwon do classes, tuition, art classes and much, much more. The maid does not have time for the child because the child is very busy with the daily classes. Tell me, worthy opponents. How to cite Maids Taking over the Role of Parents, Papers

SWOT Analysis of Abu Dhabi Oil-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Abu Dhabi Oil Company. Answer: Introduction Abu Dhabi National oil company (ADNOC) is the largest oil company in the energy-related sector. The company came into existence in 1971 at Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The company supplies oil domestically as well internationally. The main emphasis is given to energy and oil. ADNOC has entered into the enterprise that deals with the oil exploration. The company conducts the operations in the two refineries that are situated in UAE. The production level of the company is around 3.5 billion barrels of oil per day and 2 billion production cube feet of gas per day. The company has also installed 150 petrol stations across UAE. The employees who are working in the company are approximately 19,300. To accomplish the goals in an effective manner, the company takes into consideration the ecological factors and also the main focus of the company is on health, safety, and environment. The objective of the company is to search and offer the products on national and on the international level. There are many companies of the world who have joined the hands with the ADNOC. The major effort of the company is to explore the areas that are undiscovered so that the business can be enhanced in a proper manner. So, in this report the main focus is given on the strategies that should be considered by the company, to enhance the profitability and productivity level. In the first phase of the report, the focus is given to the vision and mission statement of the company. SWOT analyzes is also taken into consideration to find out the issues that are faced by the organization. In the last phase of the report, the emphasis is given on the developing the strategies and goals that will help the organization to enhance the operations in the sustainable competitive environment. To survive in the competitive environment it is essential that the company should give focus on enhancing the profitability and the productivity level of the organization. Vision and Mission statement A vision statement of the company is considered as a roadmap that indicates that what the company wants to become. It takes into consideration the transformational initiatives that assist in setting the direction for the growth of the company. The mission statement of the company gives focus on the organization purpose. The vision statement of the ADNOC Company is to reach the position of the value-added supplier. It takes into consideration the extreme value products (Dikshit, 2017). The mission of the company is to regulate the ADNOC petroleum ports that ensure safe, efficient, Competent and the economical port operations. It also ensures the safe passage for all vessels who are visiting the petroleum ports and also protects the infrastructure, assets, and environment. The company also gives focus on enhancing the satisfaction level of the employees, so that they can give their best towards the activities that are conducted in the organization (Jewell, 2011). Situation Analysis Strength To sustain in the competitive environment it is analyzed that the company should have goodwill in the market. ADNOC is considered as a leader in the energy-related industry. The major strength of the company is that it deals in both domestic and international market (Tordo, 2011). The company also reduced the labor cost that has given a great advantage to the company. Due to the large market share of the company it is easy to attain the profitability and also the operations can be attained in an effective way (Heller, Mahdavi Schreuder, 2014). Weaknesses It is evaluated that every business has some weaknesses. By taking into consideration the ADNOC Company it is seen that the organization is not attaining the goals and objectives, due to the inefficiency in the working pattern of the employees. The difficult task for the organization is to enhance the future productivity level (Zhang, Ji Fan, 2014). Empowerment of the employees is also considered as an important aspect that is missing in the company. If the employees of the organization are not efficient, then it can be difficult for the organization to survive for the long term in the market. ADNOC should also maintain the trust of the customers before conducting any business transactions. It is evaluated that company suffers from huge loss due to the trust issues (Martinus, Sigler, Searle Tonts, 2015). Opportunities Every company has many opportunities that are prevailing in the market, but it requires a right time to grab the opportunities. ADNOC can easily access the market that gives direct impact on the profitability of the organization. The growth rate of the company can be enhanced if the company takes into consideration effective strategies (Polearu?, 2017). Abu Dhabi national oil company also has an opportunity to acquire new market and to enhance the productivity level. By taking into consideration ADNOC Company it is seen that it has an opportunity to enhance the level of income at the constant increase rate. In the emerging market, the company can achieve global expansion that gives positive impact on the working pattern (Ford, 2014). It is evaluated that the financial position of the company is good and success can be achieved easily. It is evaluated that the company has its presence in many countries, so the company can easily collaborate with the local players to grow (Phillips, 2016). Threats Due to the negative impact on the entire global economy and also the rise in the competition level in the market has increased the threats to the company. Change in taxes is one of the threats to the company. If there is a change in the tax rate, then the direct impact is given on the company. So the major threat to the company is due to the changing pattern of the tax rates. The company also has the external business risks that can give negative impact on the success of the organization. Increase rate of interest also gives impact on the activities of the organization (Luciani, 2016). If the rate of interest increases, then the profitability of the organization can be reduced. It is also one of the major threats that the ADNOC faces and affect the growth of the company. In this sector, the cost of the raw material is increasing day by day. It gives direct impact on the cost of production that will give decrease in the overall profitability of the organization (Hartley Medlock III, 2013). Strength a.) Leader b.) Domestic and international market c.) Large market area d.) Reduced labor cost Weakness a.) Inefficiency of the employees b.) Trust issues c.) Empowerment of the employees Opportunities a.) Growth rate b.) New markets c.) New acquisition d.) Income level Threats a.) Tax changes b.) Business risks c.) Increase in interest d.) Financial capacity Strategies, Goals, and objectives The company should take into consideration effective strategies so that the goals and objectives can be attained in an effective manner. To compete in the environment, it is seen that proper strategies should be considered so that the activities can be conducted smoothly. The critical issues that are identified are: Inefficiency of the Employees Empowerment of employees Competition level The inefficiency of the employees: This is one of the issue that is faced by the company. The employees of the organization are inefficient towards the activities. Inefficiency gives negative outcome on the activities that are conducted on the day to day to basis. The company should adopt the strategy to give training to the employees, who are not efficient towards the work (Eller, Hartley Medlock, 2011). ADNOC should take into consideration competence assurance management system. It is considered as a system that is based to enhance the quality skills of the workers. It is considered to maximize the performance level of the employees so that they can give their best towards the work (De Graaff, 2011). The main emphasis of this program should be towards the new employees so that the organization does not face any kind of problem in the performance standards. Job instructional training should also be provided to the employees to enhance their interest and raise the scope of the energy sector. The company needs proper planning to overcome the problems. The human resource management takes into consideration all types of training and also the development programs. The company should engage in the investment skill and development programs of the employees (Cunha Moneva, 2016). Training and development programs should be considered as a compulsory activity of the organization. The company gives focus on raising the capability of the employees to rise beyond the new challenges. Human resource management considers various factors for proper implementing the planning system with the help of training that can lead to an expansion of ADNOC (Shuen, Feiler Teece, 2014). To compete in the market, it is essential to train the employees and enhance the capability of doing the activities in an efficient manner. If the employees of the organization give their best towards the activities, then it can be easy for the organization to attain success. To make the employees efficient, training is only the strategy that should be considered by the company (El-Gharbawy Beydoun, 2016). Empowerment of employees: This factor is considered as an important and fundamental practice. The empowerment enhances the betterment and also gives success to the organization. The company should consider the strategy so that the activities can be managed properly. The empowerment of the employees can be attained by delegating the responsibilities. They can actively be involved in the decision-making process and also encourages to conduct a participative style of leadership and management. ADNOC should give focus on empowering the employees (Bass Chakrabarty, 2014). There are many strategies that must be considered by the company to empower the individuals of the organization. Transferring and sharing of responsibilities with the proper level and balance is also the great strategy that can help the organization to survive in the competitive environment. The top management should be involved so that the decision-making processes can be easily made. Empowerment is considered as an important aspect that should be taken into consideration by every organization so that the growth and profitability can be enhanced. If the company follows effective strategies, then it is seen that the growth can be attained (Anitha, 2014). Competition: ADNOC also faces the issue related to the increase in the competition level. If the company sells the product at high cost, then it can be difficult to survive in the market. So, the cost-effective strategy should be taken into consideration so that the growth can be attained in an effective manner (Ermida, 2014). To survive in the market, it is important that the company should give emphasis on hiring efficient candidates in the organization. If there are no efficient employees, then it can give negative impact on the working structure of the company. ADNOC should keep proper track on the availability of the human resource so that the work base can be managed. The strategy of the company is constructed on the strategic foundations like people, performance and profitability, and efficiency. These are the principles through which all the decisions related to strategic at ADNOC can be taken in the corrective manner (Elnaga Imran, 2013). These all are the strategies that should be considered by the company so that the goals and objectives of the can be accomplished Conclusion By analyzing the report, it is concluded that effective strategies should be taken into consideration so that the company can easily accomplish goals and objectives. In this report, the SWOT analysis of the company showcases the strength, weakness, threats, and opportunities for the organization. It is seen that there are various issues that are faced by the organization like Inefficiency of the Employees, Empowerment of employees and Competition level. These create hindrances to operate the activities in a proper manner. In this report, the main emphasis is given to the mission and vision of the organization. In the last phase of the report, SWOT analysis is discussed through which the issues are identified. Then the strategies are discussed on which the company should give focus, so that ADNOC can compete in the competitive environment. It is evaluated that if the organization does not consider proper strategies, then it can result in a negative outcome. When the company adopts proper and effective strategies then goals and objectives can be accomplished properly. References Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Bass, A. E., Chakrabarty, S. (2014). Resource security: Competition for global resources, strategic intent, and governments as owners.Journal of International Business Studies,45(8), 961-979. Cunha, D. R., Moneva, J. M. (2016). Environmental Reporting of Global Oil Companies.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, (158). De Graaff, N. (2011). A global energy network? The expansion and integration of non?triad national oil companies.Global Networks,11(2), 262-283. Dikshit, P. (2017). Measuring the itil framework maturity: case of abu dhabi national oil company (ADNOC).ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,7(3), 37-48. El-Gharbawy, S., Beydoun, W. (2016, May). Technology Qualification for ADNOC Group Operations in the Arabian Gulf. InOffshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference. Eller, S. L., Hartley, P. R., Medlock, K. B. (2011). Empirical evidence on the operational efficiency of National Oil Companies.Empirical Economics,40(3), 623-643. Elnaga, A., Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), 137-147. Ermida, G. (2014). Strategic decisions of international oil companies: Arctic versus other regions.Energy Strategy Reviews,2(3), 265-272. Ford, J. K. (2014).Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Hartley, P. R., Medlock III, K. B. (2013). Changes in the operational efficiency of national oil companies.The Energy Journal,34(2), 27. Heller, P. R., Mahdavi, P., Schreuder, J. (2014). Reforming national oil companies: Nine recommendations.Natural Resource Governance Institute. https://www. resourcegovernance. org/publications/reforming-national-oil-companies-nin e-recommendations. Jewell, J. (2011). Ready for nuclear energy?: An assessment of capacities and motivations for launching new national nuclear power programs.Energy Policy,39(3), 1041-1055. Luciani, G. (2016).The oil companies and the Arab world. Routledge. Martinus, K., Sigler, T. J., Searle, G., Tonts, M. (2015). Strategic globalizing centers and sub-network geometries: A social network analysis of multi-scalar energy networks.Geoforum,64, 78-89. Phillips, J. J., Phillips, P. P. (2016).Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Polearu?, V. (2017). Investment Management Resources in the distribution channel of international oil companies.Development. Shuen, A., Feiler, P. F., Teece, D. J. (2014). Dynamic capabilities in the upstream oil and gas sector: Managing next generation competition.Energy Strategy Reviews,3, 5-13. Tordo, S. (2011).National oil companies and value creation. World Bank Publications. Zhang, H. Y., Ji, Q., Fan, Y. (2014). Competition, transmission and pattern evolution: A network analysis of global oil trade.Energy Policy,73, 312-322.

Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites

Abstract The acceptable reality for now is that no research has managed to conclusively show or document that there is life or no life in Mars. This research paper is of the opinion that the argument about life or lack of it in Mars should seize, until such a time when conclusive evidence to support arguments on either side will be attained. Until then, researchers need to do the hard work of verifying or refuting existing theories and counterchecking any new evidence that could be contained in the Martian meteoritesAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Is there evidence of life on Martian meteorites? According to Buseck et al, Nanocrystals of Magnetite(Fe3O4) compounds in meteorites found from mars are the strongest, yet the most controversial indicators that there is extraterrestrial life in Mars(13490). The allegation attached to the Fe3O4 is that they resemble crystals found in Meteorite ALH84001, which are formed by specific terrestrial bacteria. The ALH84001 was found in the Antarctica and later recognized as meteorite whose origin was Mars(Mckay et al 924). McKay Et al authored startling report based on chemical and structural features of ALH84001 (295).The report indicates that there was indeed life in mars. McKay Et al based their arguments on four chemical and structural features of the meteorite and although they admitted that the individual features could not prove their allegation, they sought to convince the general public as well as scientists that the four features taken collectively were evidence enough that there was indeed life in Mars(Friedmann et al 562). The first basis for their conclusion was the â€Å"igneous Mars Rock†. According to their report, the rock was of unidentified geologic context and had pores and fractured spaces that were permeated by a fluid. Their second reason was t hat the igneous rock was older than the carbon globules found there in. The third reason was that the TEM and SEM images captured of the carbon globules had features that resemble microfossils, terrestrial-biogenic-carbonate structures, and terrestrial micro organisms. Fourth, the Fe-sulfide and magnetite particles indicated that the oxidation and other reductions reaction had occurred on the compound, thus indicating the presence of microbial systems and finally, there were Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)on the compound thus indicating that its original surface(Mars)had carbonate globules(McKay et al 930). Buseck et al, notes that although the McKay et al theory has been criticized and largely questioned, no one scientist or researcher has been able to disapprove it(13490).The report starts by acknowledging the fact that the 1975 Viking lander experiments managed to negate the possibility that there was life on Mars. However, the report states that the conclusion from the te sts cannot be meant to conclude that there was absolutely no life in Mars. This was especially because the Viking experiments were too localized to offer a conclusive report regarding life or lack of it in Mars(McKay et al 924).Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The deduction by McKay Et al that meteorite ALH84001 has enough evidence regarding life in Mars has been criticized by many scientists with Thomas-Keprta et al(2164) saying that the evidence offered was based on â€Å"presumptive bio-signatures†. In their own research, Thomas-Keprta et al classified Fe3O4 crystals and identified them to be similar to the intracellular magnetite released by MV-1(a magnetotactic bacteria-strain). In the research, Thomas Keprta et al states that the magnetite populations are chemically pure and from a single-domain(2164). They also observe a â€Å"unique† crystal habit, which they def ine as truncated hexaoctahedral(2164). They argue that since there are no known reports which could explain the truncated hexaoctahedral observations, the presence of the MV-1 strain of bacteria was most likely as a result of Natural selection rather than organic activity. They however argue that the only possibility where the magnetite crystals could be used to indicate that there is life in Mars, is if there are â€Å"unexplained inorganic processes on Mars that are absent on Earth and hence forms the truncated hexa-octahedral magnetite† (2165). Overall, Thomas-Keprta et al manages to support rather disapprove the McKay et al deduction that the ALH84001 is an indicator that there is life in Mars. Their argument does not however go unchallenged. Buseck at al, states that the â€Å"Truncated hexa-octahedral† crystals they refer to are not as unique as they make people to believe (13494).Buseck et al argues that the term means that the crystals of ALH84001 have a combin ation of octahedron, dodecahedron and cube faces. These according to them had been observed in other meteorites and hence were not a unique aspect at all. Buseck et al(13490) criticizes both studies done by Mckay Et al(929)and Thomas-Keprta et al(2165) saying that the two arguments are flawed. He claims that without the micro structural or chemical evidence to back the allegation that the features in the ALH84001 are indeed magnetite crystals, then any evidence produced thereafter is inadmissible. He further argues that magnototactic bacteria are ever-present on the Earth, despite the fact that intact chains of the nano-sized magnetite crystals from such bacteria are hard to find in earthly geological samples. As such the intact chains as found by McKay et al(925)would be hard to find because it would be unlikely that they would survive biological processes. Friedman et al acknowledges that it is quite difficult to understand how the magnetite chains hypothesized by McKay et al surv ived in their intact form(2176).This only serves to cast further doubt on the allegation of McKay et al and subsequent research conducted and documented by other authors like Friedman et al and Thomas-Keprta Et al(2164-2169).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Golden et al neither refute nor support the allegation by McKay et al(370-375).They however proved that just as much as the formation of carbonates, sulfides and magnetite on ALH84001 could be attained in temperatures that support life, the same can be formed inorganically. Golden et al through a combination of precipitation and heating processes developed simple inorganic process, which they claim can offer an alternative explanation to the carbonate, Fe-sulfide and magnetite found in the meteorite ALH84001(370). The acceptable reality for now is that no research has managed to conclusively show or document that there is life or no life in Mars. This research paper is of the opinion that the argument about life or lack of it in Mars should seize, until such a time when conclusive evidence to support arguments on either side will be attained. Until then, researchers need to do the hard work of verifying or refuting existing theories and counterchecking any new evidence that could be contained in the Martian meteorites. Discussion By2007, there were 12 meteorites that had been studied or still were being studied for ingredients that would suggest life on Mars. The meteorites were thought to have originated from Mars due to their unique(often peculiar) chemistry (Kimball 1). Of all the 12, the ALH84001 has been the single most meteorites subjected to extensive study. The three most cited ingredients in the ALH84001 that suggest that there could be indeed life processes in Mars are the presence of PAHs. However, scientists note that PAHs are not unique to met eorites from Mars only. According to Kimball, meteorites from other places in the solar systems are known to have PAHs too even though it has been established that there are no traces of life there(1). The mineral within the meteorite(magnetite, carbon and Fe-sulfide)is the other indicator that some scientists use to suggest the presence of life activities in Mars. However, as seen above, some researchers have proven that it is quite possible to generate the minerals without biological processes. The time that the minerals were deposited in the meteorite is also suspect because as Kimball(1)indicates, the minerals seems to have been deposited in the specific rock later in its history, which raises the question, is it possible that the rock picked the minerals on earth rather from its origin? Stephan et al notes that the rock had fusion crusts, and mineralogical and well as chemical differences(113). These differences could have led to the contamination of the inner rock through the cracks, which could have happened during handling or in the Antarctic environment before the rock was discovered.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An answer to this question is provided by Stephan et al, who after a study concluded that it was highly unlikely that the PAHs in the ALH84001 had an extraterrestrial origin(113). The study further provided evidence that the meteorite was contaminated by lead, which is evidently a terrestrial material. Studies by Golden et al also allude that ALH84001 continues to be contaminated with terrestrial microbial materials hence suggesting that ‘maybe’ the PAHs had been picked in its Antarctica location (374). The third reason that some researchers like McKay et al (924) and Thomas-Keprta et al(2164)suggests indicates some signs of life are the objects that resemble fossils in tiny micro-organisms when observed under a microscope. This argument is however discredited by Kimball, who argues that the fact that the largest of the â€Å"nano-fossils† got from the rock had a diameter of 100 nanometers, is evidence enough that it does not have the necessary volume to support life(1).The Smallest microorganism on earth is the Mycloplasmas and has 300 nanometer diameter. Scientists indicate that a micro-organism would need at least a 200 nanometer diameter in order to support life (Kimball 1). In addition to the ALH 84001 meteorite, other meteorites of Martian origin include â€Å"Shergotty, Nkakhla and Chassigny†. Nakhla was the first meteorite of Martian origin to be found on earth(Glavin et al 8835), and just like the LAH84001, the meteorite contained carbonates and some hydrous minerals. Research on Nakhla indicated that the rock had been exposed to some aqueous solutions after its formation, and this was the first indication that researchers need to conclude that in deed there were aqueous processes on Mars. The length of time that such processes persisted however remains a pertinent question to this day. As opposed to ALH84001 meteorite which had an estimated terrestrial age of almost 13,000 years, the Nakhla meteorite fell on 9 am 40 kilomet ers to the East of Alexandria in Egypt in 1911. The fall was observed and most of the specimen rocks were collected within days of the fall (Glavin 8834). On observation, Nakhla was found to contain d-amino acids, which were not present in the ALH84001 meteorite. According to Glavin et al, the d-amino acids were not extraterrestrial in nature and had been deposited into the rock when it hit the ground in the Nile region (8836). This conclusion was reached because in addition to finding similar d-amino- acids around the Nile soil, the amino acids would have been racemic if they were formed on Mars(Glavin 8836). The D/L ratios, which could have determined the amino-acids of Martian origin in the rock, were not possible due to the low concentration of the same. Another meteorite EETA79001 was found to contain l-enantiomers components of amino-acids (Mcdonald Bada 1179).Such are common in proteins and thus indicated that this rock too had been exposed to terrestrial contaminants, speci fically from the Antarctic ice where the meteorite had been collected. Is (was) there life in Mars? According to Glavin Bada, life in Mars just like on earth would be possible in the presence of water and â€Å"a continuous supply of pre-biotic organic compounds†(1022). The exogenous delivery of meteorites on earth from Mars has given researchers and scientists the chance to determine if indeed there was or there is life in Mar. Unfortunately this is not always possible due to the exposure of the meteorites to different substances as they fall to earth and on impact with the earth. Other attempts to identify whether there is life in Mars collectively known as the Viking Studies involved the placement of television cameras on Mars surface to detect any presence of life. This turned no results. Gas chromatograph and Mass spectrometer were also used for purposes of checking the Martian soil for organic molecules. This too showed negative results. The labeled-release equipment w as set up to check for catabolic activities by microorganisms that could be present in the Martian soil. Again, the result for this was negative. The Pyrolytic-release experiments turned negative too and had been set to capture any anabolism evidence that could be generated by microorganisms that would be in the Martian soil. Finally, a gaseous exchange experiment was conducted on Mars but showed no biological evidence in gaseous formation. The Viking studies showed that there were no signs of life in Mars(at least not as we know it one earth). However, the meteorite evidence could be a possible answer to the question that has been nagging scientists for decades now. Conclusion Although there is a possibility that there is evidence contained in the Martian Meteorites that life was or still is in Mars, researchers face enormous challenges in proofing the same. The single most challenge lies in avoiding the exposure of Martian meteorites to terrestrial environments. Right from Nakhla to ALH84001,it is evident that terrestrial environment is able to affect the rocks thus making it even harder to determine if the observations made on such are endogenous or simply as a result of the contamination from terrestrial environments. Evidently, whether there is life on Mars or not is a subject that needs more research. Unfortunately, studies by (Buseck et al 13492; Golden et al 375)indicates that meteorites like ALH84001, Nakhla and EETA79001 show different components between different researches thus indicating that their exposure to the terrestrial environment is making them less valuable for research as the days go by. As indicated in my thesis statement, researchers should concentrate on deciphering any evidence to either side, which can be deducted from the available meteorites. Works Cited Buseck, peter, Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal, Devouard, Bertrand, Frankell, Richard, McCartney, Martha Midgley, Paul. â€Å"Magnetite Morphology and Life on Mars.† The Natural Ac ademy on Sciences.98.24 (2001):13490-13495 Friedmann, Imre, Wlerzchos, Jacek, Ascaso, Carmen Winklhofer, Michael. â€Å"Chains of Magnetite Crystals in the Meteorite LAH84001; Evidence of Biological Origin.† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americ. 98.5 (2001):2178-2181. Glavin, David, Bada, Jeffrey, Britnton, Karen McDonald, Gene. â€Å"Amino Acids in the Martian Meteorite Nakhla† Geochim Cosmochim Acta 96.16(1999):8835-8838. Glavin, David Bada, Jeffery. â€Å" Isolation of Purines and Pyrimidines from the Murchison Meteorite using Sublimation.†Lunar and Planetary Science Xxxv (2004):1022-1023. Golden, David, Mind, Douglas, Schwandt, Craig, Lauer, Howard, Socki, Richard, Morris, Richard, et al. â€Å"A Simple Inorganic Process for Formation of Carbonates, Magnetite, and Sulfides in Martian Meteorite ALH84001.† American Mineralogist 86.1(2001):370-375. Kimball, John. â€Å"Is(was) there life on Mars?† Aug. 2007.10 March 2010. Web. McDonald Gene, Bada Jeffery. A Search for Endogenous Amino Acids in the Martian Meteorite EETA79001.Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 59.6 (1995):1179-1184. McKay, David, Gibson, Everett, Thomas-Keprta, Kathie, Vali, Hojatollah, Romanek, Christopher, et al. â€Å"Search for past Life on Mars: Possible relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001.† Science 273.5277(1996):924-930. Stephan, Thomas, Jessberger, Elmar, Heiss, Christian and Rost, Detlef. â€Å"TOF-SIMS Analysis Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Allan Hills 84001.† Meteoritics Planetary Science 38.1(2003):109-116. Thomas-Keprta, Kathie, Clemett, Simon, Bazylinski, Dennis, Kirschvinki, Joseph, McKay, David, et al. â€Å"Truncated hexa-octahedral magnetite crystals in ALH84001: Presumptive Bio-Signatures† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98.5(2001):2164-2169. This essay on Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites? was written and submitted by user Isabell Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Showing, Not Telling, Personality Through Speech and Thought

Showing, Not Telling, Personality Through Speech and Thought Showing, Not Telling, Personality Through Speech and Thought Showing, Not Telling, Personality Through Speech and Thought By Mark Nichol You know the fiction-writing dictum â€Å"Show, don’t tell.† But how does it apply in practical terms when it comes to communicating characterization without exposition? People in different eras have unique speech and speech patterns, but restrain yourself from indulging in periodization in your historical novel; if your Elizabethan-era characters talk like Shakespeare’s, people 1) won’t understand much of what they say and 2) will be distracted by your forced and fatally flawed attempt at authenticity. Do, however, immerse yourself in that period’s society: What did people know about history and sociology and psychology and spirituality (even if they didn’t use those terms to identify them)? What were prevailing political and social and religious viewpoints? How open were people about expressing themselves? Be careful not to let modern sensibilities intrude on the way your characters speak and think, but do permit them and their speeches and thoughts to be accessible to modern readers. The extent to which characters will express their ideas and opinions, or ruminate about them, and the language with which they will do so, depends on a few other factors: People of different generations and different social backgrounds generally speak differently. Geriatric characters should exhibit speech and speech patterns distinct from juvenile ones and consistent with norms unless an exception is a deliberate dramatic point for instance, if a teenager who has switched bodies with an elderly person is trying to pass vocally as well as visually as a senior citizen. Likewise, the speech and thoughts of well-educated characters will usually be distinguishable from that of those of others with less formal schooling. Of course, no one should assume that a person with only a high school education is less intelligent than a college graduate, or the reverse, but their vocabulary and the level of sophistication of their thoughts will, unless they are self-educated, likely differ. Further individualization of characters makes fiction writing more vivid. How does one’s personality affect words and thoughts? A repressed person’s speech patterns will differ significantly from an extrovert’s. A tense, angry character will exhibit different rhythms of speech and thought than a carefree individual. Length of speeches and thoughts is also a consideration: Children do not soliloquize, and philosophically minded people do not tend to make snap judgments. Match the extent to which people speak and think to their personalities. But keep in mind that various sentence lengths and paragraph lengths have differing dramatic values, too long passages tend to be soothing (but, when too long, are soporific), while short bursts create or maintain tension (though, in excess, can be just as wearying as extensive paragraphs). In essence, capitalize on your knowledge of individual characters to establish vocabulary and modes of speech and thought, as well as on familiarity with societal norms for speaking and thinking appropriate to the era in which your characters live. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†While vs. Whilst

Adele Laurie Blue Adkins

Adele Laurie Blue Adkins is a young music composer of the 21st century. She is British, American, Seoul, R B and pop music. She is only 25 years old and has won numerous Grammy nominations and awards for her early career. Adel will receive more prizes in his future career. Adele has been hit at least five times since signing at the age of 19. When she entered puberty, she got a lot of inspiration. Adel was born on May 5, 1988 in London, England. Adele Laurie Blue Adkins is a British singer and composer. In 2006, she graduated from Britt Performing Arts Technical Graduate School. Her debut album 19 was released in 2008. This album is a huge success, has received seven Platinum certifications in the UK, and the Double Platinum award in the United States. She appeared on Saturday Night Live at the end of 2008 and improved her career in the United States. In the 2009 51st Grammy Awards ceremony, Adel received the Best New Records Award and the Best Female Pop Music Performance Award. Ad ele Laurie Blue Adkins is a young music composer of the 21st century. She is British, American, Seoul, R B and pop music. She is only 25 years old and has won numerous Grammy nominations and awards for her early career. Adel will receive more prizes in his future career. Adele has been hit at least five times since signing at the age of 19. When she entered puberty, she got a lot of inspiration. Adel was born on May 5, 1988 in London, England. A 29 year old British singer-songwriter, Adele Laurie Blue Adkins, has released three highly rated albums in seven years. Roger Lawson, a 32 - year - old American television advertiser and enthusiastic writer, had three faithful relationships during the same period. Below is a discussion of similarities between Adele 's respective album and Roger' s respective relationship. Adele released her first album 19 in the United States on June 10, 2008. Within three months, Roger is scheduled to meet Mike in the diving bar in the East Village, New Yo rk. Coincidentally, Roger coincidentally dated, and another man named Mike in the fall. The first microphone was inexperienced, confused, and excessive; Roger was looking for something else at the age of 22. Indeed, Roger just left the closet just a year ago, but he was more confident about his needs and the needs of the date. Adel London is a very different hometown from mine. Adele Blue Adkins did not think he was living anywhere in the city I was living when I was 19 at the age of fifteen, but a vibrant division and culture bumped me. Eugene Oregon is a hometown indifferent to me, there is no kinetic energy of the city and the warmth of a small town. Eugene's hometown glory is sports, especially running. My high school is basically a group of light and muscular sprinters who eat protein bars and are taken to the preposs marathon to the university professor. I am tall, my legs are thick, my thighs are full, my ass and small breasts. I step on the sorghum potatoes because this is b ecause my sports friends made me feel unevenly adjusted. A miracle of my hometown, and a small world that makes it confusing us is a girl who is not afraid to take off clothes in the locker room.

The Information Asymmetry, Corporate Failures in Contemporary Issue in Essay

The Information Asymmetry, Corporate Failures in Contemporary Issue in Accounting - Essay Example The internal auditor plays a critical role in reducing agency costs by ensuring and assuring that financial reports prepared by the firm are consistent with regulations and standards as expected by the investors (Ahlawat & Lowe 2004, p. 147). There is often a business relationship between the client and the external audit. The firm contracts the auditor to audit and attest to the firm’s accuracy of the financial statements. Corporate failures and major financial scandals like Enron and WorldCom have resulted from poor accounting system where there were information asymmetry between shareholders, investors as well as other outside parties, and the insider parties mainly the management executives and the internal auditors. There is also a business relationship between the auditor and the shareholders who rely on the financial statements prepared by the auditor. Internal audit function works closely with the management in examining internal controls, detecting fraud and advising them in the appropriate remedial measures in case of fraud detection in the system (Sengupta 1998, p. 462). In the vase of internal audit function and audit committees, these auditors are employed by the firm and are therefore paid by their firms, the interaction between the internal auditors and managers as well as the employees can be potential sources of conflict of interest, which may result in the auditors not being fundamentally objective and also compromising their independence. Internal auditors and the dominant senior managers can work together to ensure that their individual interests override those of the firm. In such cases, the financial reports issued to the investors and shareholders may look consistent with accounting standards and principles while being far from the true position of the company. Role of information in the firms’ corporate governance Information plays an important role in facilitating firms’ corporate governance. One of the important is sues of corporate governance is the construction of mechanisms that help in aligning objectives of executives with those of the firm’s shareholders (Hermalin & Weisbach 2008). The firms’ board of directors often find themselves heavily tasked with the role of monitoring and advising executives. These boards comprise of internal directors who are the firm’s senior executives and outside directors. Outside directors are essential in bringing independence to the function while the internal directors help in bringing information about the firm’s activities. These directors being insiders or senior executives in the management can hide information where they detect that such information will be utilized in disciplining or taking away the executives private benefits. Information plays an important role in the selection and construction of corporate governance mechanisms that help in aligning actions of managers and senior executives with shareholders’ in terests. Information also helps in reducing contracting costs and in the making of strategic decisions. Information asymmetry The internal audit function and the management generally have more information about the firm’s performance than the firm’s shareholders. This information asymmetry can be detrimental to the firm’

I want you to paraphrase the Human Rights Standards, i will write down Essay

I want you to paraphrase the Human Rights Standards, i will write down in the description bow what i want you to write about - Essay Example This is in order to avoid undermining the presumption of innocence and to reinforce the prosecution’s case. Similarly, a trial judge’s direction to the jury is nonjudgmental and not mandatory as per the law. This implies that the jury is at liberty to establish that the accused had acted with objective founded on the evidence presented at trial. The court should ensure that it upholds human rights of the accused to access fair trial and prove his or her innocence. The jury needs to gather enough evidence that finds the accused to be on the wrong of committing the unlawful act. The human rights standards protect all the accused persons against unfair justices or disregard of their innocence by the trial courts. As a result, it ensures that the courts must confirm without any trace of doubt that the accused was liable of committing an unlawful act or had the intent of breaking the

Process of law Essay Example for Free

Process of law Essay According to the law, no person is to be deprived of life or liberty without the due process of the law.   Due process in this sense does not only refer to the adherence to certain procedural rules such as the Miranda Rights or the presentation of a warrant of arrest.   Due process is basically a two-fold rule because it involves substantial and procedural aspects.   As discussed, procedural due process is not enough.   There must also be substantial due process which is used to justify the deprivation of life or liberty. This rule is applicable not only in criminal or civil proceedings in front of the Courts of Justice.   As has been held in the cases of Goss vs. Lopez (419 U.S. 565) and Wisconsin v. Constantineau (400 U.S. 433) (1971), the due process of law applies equally to administrative proceedings.   As so eloquently stated in the case of Wisconsin v. Constantineau (400 U.S. 433) (1971), [T]he right to be heard before being condemned to suffer grievous loss of any kind, even though it may not involve the stigma and hardships of a criminal conviction, is a principle basic to our society.  (Wisconsin v. Constantineau 400 U.S. 433). For a clearer understanding, this principle will be applied to criminal case and then compared to the administrative process.   In certain criminal cases, the problem with regard to due process may lie in the fact that while the procedural due process aspect may have been satisfied by making a valid arrest, the substantial aspect may be left wanting due to the lack of any evidence, circumstantial or direct, that can be used as the grounds for making of such an arrest. In administrative cases, due process is also applied, especially when it deals with a â€Å"grievous loss.†Ã‚   This is applied to disciplinary cases that involve the loss of certain rights and privileges.   In fact, in certain cases, due process has been said to apply to any situation wherein there is a diminution of legally provided benefits.   As seen in the case of Goss vs. Lopez (419 U.S. 565), which involved the suspension of a student for ten (10) days without any hearing, the Supreme Court ruled that this was unconstitutional for being a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.   The Supreme Court declared that though it was a school hearing, such was considered as an administrative hearing that warranted the application of the due process clause. In another case, Wisconsin v. Constantineau 400 U.S. 433 the Supreme Court ruled on the issue the posting of notices on the sale of intoxicating liquors and the authority of the police chief to authorize such an act.   The Supreme Court in this case also decided that due process required that hearing and notice was needed before such a regulation was to be imposed.   Due process means that the law hears before it condemns.   It was therefore required that procedure be strictly followed to allow people to protect their honor and reputation. When the forefathers drafted the constitution, they had in mind a fine balance between the rights of individuals and the public good.   It was recognized even during that time that there are certain things that are necessary in order that the greater good for the public can be protected.   By unduly restricting the power of officers of the law to uphold the law, the efficacy of such laws may be hampered and the rights of the public may not be sufficiently protected.   In order for the rights of the public to be duly protected, it is necessary therefore that due process be observed.   As mentioned, the law that the forefathers envisioned is one that hears before it condemns. Given the power that the government is provided, there is a necessity of placing certain restrictions.   This may come in the form of the bill of rights or the due process clause as contained in the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.   It does not matter whether it is a criminal case or an administrative case, the important thing is that once the issue involves a deprivation of rights and privileges that a person has been entitled to due process must be strictly observed.   Cases Cited: Goss vs. Lopez (419 U.S. 565) Wisconsin v. Constantineau (400 U.S. 433)

Juvenile Detention Makes Teens Worse Essays -- juvenile justice system

There are numerous critics of the juvenile justice system, and while most of their denunciations remain the same as those of the justice system at large, an ample portion of their criticisms revolve around the claim that incarcerating young people not only doesn’t work in deterring or rehabilitating them, but makes them worse and leads to adult misconduct. A report noted that youth sent to juvenile prison were 37 times more likely to be arrested as adults (Szalavitz, 2009). Another major problem some cite with the juvenile justice system is that most delinquent offends have some form of mental illness, and that while studies have shown that mental health treatment would be a better alternative, they are simply ignored or incarcerated (Ramirez, 2008), completely contradictory to the core values of the juvenile justice system which stresses rehabilitation and restitution above all else. Nevertheless, it is obvious that there are flaws in the system, and how glaringly obvious they may be depends on ones’ perception. A host of various cases show that the state of juvenile justice does not match up with current times and circumstances that differ from the time the system was set in place. Youths now are engaged in severe violent crimes, gang activity, and a multitude of other offense that depict a shift in the social and cultural ambience of the country. With that said, it seems apparent that the system needs to adapt to these current changes, but before that happens (if it ever does) there are many juvenile delinquents that that have been failed by the system in place. One of these people is Quantel Lotts. Like most kids who grow up in improvised urban areas across the United States, Quantel Lotts was raised in an environment ... ...e of Justice . Initiative, E. J. (2007). Cruel and Unusual: Sentencing 13 and 14- Year- Old Children to Die in Prison . Montgomery : Equal Justice Initiative . Liptak, A., & Petak, L. F. (2011, April 20). Juvenile Killers in Jail for Life Seek a Reprieve. The New York Times . Lotts, Q. (2012, March 19). tried as an adult and locked away for life at age 14. (E. Pilkington, Interviewer) National Institute of Mental Health . (2011). The Teen Brain: Still Under Construction . Besthesda : U.S. Department of Health and HUman Services . Ramirez, F. (2008, April/May). Juvenile Delinquency: Current Issues, Best Practices, and Promising Approaches. GPSOLO . Steinberg, L. D. (1987). Family processes at adolescence: A developmental perspective. Family Therapy, 77-86. Szalavitz, M. (2009, August 07). Why Juvenile Detention Makes Teens Worse. Time Magazine.

What Qualities do you Look for in a Friend

I know a trusty friend when I see one. My friend could be anyone from a 3 year old to an old person; a school going or maybe a housewife, it could also be someone who is retired living just round the next corner of our street, and giving a friendly smile when I pass by, it could be anyone or might just be a waving friend who is on his way to work, while leaving their footprints on peoples heart, and their footsteps echoing down the dusky lane†¦.As you might not expect this, but the first thing I would search for in a friend is a rib-tickling nature, one who does not feel bad for anything, it is not only valuable for your problems but you also need someone to make fun with. Everyone needs to laugh and some humour is necessary in a friendship, getting a friend is not a dime a dozen, next I would want my friend to be a good listener and an entertaining talker, I can’t have a friend who doesn’t listen to me or is mum’s the word, I wouldn't like to go to a movie or hangout with someone like that.It’s not that I want someone who is a picture perfect person but someone who would love to do a mistake togather and still keep smiling and laughing, my friend should also be an honest person, and tell me the truth whether it’s about me or someone else, because that’s what real friends do, A real friend will always tell the truth no matter what! It’s not important that my friend should be the most popular in school or the most fashionable or the brainy one but also not a fuddy-duddy one too, or not someone who would hit the books too often, equally I would also want my friend to be respectful, caring and a jolly person.However, everyone has different opinions and it is important that my friend shows enough respect for my point of view, as well as myself giving them enough respect, some factors like these if not maintained in a friendship can pull the plug, My friend should also not be like Queer the pitch sort of person. Lastly my friend would be someone who is friendly, trustworthy, and not a betrayer or someone who would want the whole nine yards, but someone with whom I could say â€Å"Variety is the spice of life†, the day when I’ll get such a friend will be the day when the X marks the spot.

300 †Rationalism vs Empiricism †Summary and History Essay

What is reality really like? A current running through much of the philosophical thinking around the time of Socrates and Plato was that there is a difference between how the world appears and how it is. Our senses reveal one layer of reality but it is our minds that penetrate deeper. The world of appearances is a world in flux but underneath there must be a stable reality. For there is much that is unchanging. We recognise kinds of things – badgers, daffodils, mountains – and whilst members of these kinds are born, change and die, and differ from one another in ever so many ways, the kind-defining essence doesn’t change. We see here the key rationalist idea that knowledge is a priori knowledge of necessary truths Plato said that kinds were defined by the transcendental forms. He presented a number of arguments for the existence of these things. Prior to our incarnation, our souls existed in the realm of forms where we learned about these essences. In our terrestrial state, we cannot recall what we know. Socrates considered himself a â€Å"midwife to knowledge† instead of a teacher, helping his interlocutors to draw out what they don’t know that they know. The example of Meno and the slave-boy shows this idea clearly. Like many philosophers, Plato was also fascinated by mathematics. We are able to tap into a universe of truths that are non-sensible: we do not see numbers and we do not see the perfect geometric forms. Once again, we see the difference between the powers of the mind and the powers of the senses. It was in the 17th century that the debate between the rationalists and the empiricists came to a head. Philosophers such as Descartes and Leibniz emphasised the power of reason over the senses. Descartes argued that our senses were fallible and that we could not rule out the possibility of the demon deception hypothesis on the basis of sensory evidence alone. Descartes argued that he knew he existed, as a mind, on the basis of reflection alone: when I think, I cannot fail to be aware of myself as existing as that thinker (cogito, ergo sum). Having proved that he exists, Descartes argued that God exists. Since God is no deceiver, he would not have given us senses that systematically mislead. But let us not overemphasise the powers of the senses. Descartes argued that even with material things, it is reason that exposes their essences. In his piece of wax reasoning, he argued that the senses merely reveal a succession of impressions: it is reason that grasps the underlying and enduring substance as extended (and filled space). Plato and Descartes believed that we are born with concepts and knowledge. In Descartes’ case, there was a religious motive: we are all born in the image of God. We discover more about the world primarily through metaphysical reflection. The philosopher Francis Bacon, an early empiricist, famously dismissed this rationalist approach to knowledge. He compared rationalists to spiders who spin â€Å"complex metaphysical systems out of their entrails†. Empiricists get their hands dirty: like bees gathering pollen, they gather knowledge about the world and only then reflect on it. Around the same time as Bacon, many new discoveries were being made that shook the prevailing views of reality. The Earth was dethroned from its position at the centre of the universe by Copernicus. A new star (a supernova) was observed by Tycho Brahe in 1572 – yet the heavens were supposed to be timeless and unchanging. Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter – again, everything clearly didn’t revolve around the Earth. Later in the 17th century, scientist-philosophers such as Newton, Boyle, Gassendi and Huygens would revolutionise our understanding of reality. The original empiricist manifesto was written by John Locke. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he sought to show how a mind that was blank at birth – a tabula rasa or blank slate – could come to be filled. His first targets were the innate concepts and knowledge (‘ideas’) of the rationalists. There are no such things. There are no truths everyone agrees on. Many people fail to grasp the supposed metaphysical truths. Instead, our senses deliver ideas to us. We store them, abstract from them to form general ideas, and compound and mix them to generate new ideas. Like Lego bricks, we build the meagre sensory data into ever more complex structures. Even Leibniz thought Locke was onto something here. He claimed that our minds were like blocks of marble that had to be carefully chiselled at to reveal the hidden structure (the innate truths). It is hard work and not everyone will end up well-chiselled. Hume took empiricism to its limit. Where Locke talked indifferently of ideas, Hume distinguished impressions and ideas. Impressions are the direct deliverances of the senses and are forceful and vivid in comparison to ideas, which are the copies our minds makes. (He also agreed with the Empiricist Berkeley that Locke’s theory of general ideas was wrong. We do not abstract from particular ideas to a general idea but use a particular idea in a general way via a general name. ) What about the precious necessary truths philosophy is supposed to study? Locke argued that once we have ideas in our mind, our mind will perceive the necessary connections between them – e. g. that a triangle has internal angles that add to 180o? But where does the idea of necessity come from? Hume provided an answer. He distinguished statements into two categories: those expressing relations of ideas (analytic) and those expressing matters of fact (synthetic). The analytic truths express mere definitions: we simply are aware of an association between terms. The synthetic truths are the contingent truths. So what happens to interesting necessary truths, such as God exists or nothing exists without being caused to exist? Hume argued that if these weren’t analytic – and they aren’t – they aren’t necessary. We feel that they are necessary and this is all necessity is: a psychological property. When we say that X caused Y, we think we have said something about the universe. We think we have seen an example of a law of nature (e. g. the water in the bucket froze because it was cold exemplifies the law water freezes at 0oC). Science investigates these laws. Hume said that causation was â€Å"all in the mind†. We see one thing after another and when we’ve seen instances of a regularity enough, we develop the feeling that one thing must be followed by the other. Hume, like Locke, emphasised how all we can be certain of are our impressions – how the world seems. Scientists are really investigating how the world appears: they can never be certain that the world really is the way it appears. So, empiricism seems to lead straight to scepticism about the external world. Kant objected strongly to this. Science really is studying the external world and there really is an external world for it to investigate. Kant brought about a revolution in philosophy (he called it a â€Å"Copernican revolution). He argued that the empiricists and rationalists were both right and wrong. The Empiricists were right: science requires the study of the world and the world is brought to us via the senses. The Rationalists were right: our mind is not blank but contains structures that enable us to interpret the stream of data from the senses. We may liken the mind to a mould and the data to jelly: one only has something structured by combining both. Or: the mind is a computer with an operating system and the data is the input from the user. A computer with just an operating system is inert. A computer into which data is inputted but which has no operating system is just data: it cannot be interpreted. Only when you combine both do you get something useful. Our minds contain the â€Å"structures† for space, time, objects and causation, for example. (In Kant’s terminology, space and time are the pure forms of intuition whereas the structures for objects and causation are pure concepts of the understanding. ) This means that we experience a world of spatio-temporally located objects in which causation happens because this is how our minds make it appear. Does this mean that the world as such is â€Å"all in the mind†? Or is the mind somehow â€Å"tuned† to the structure of reality, so that our pre-programmed minds mirror the structures of reality? This is a very difficult question over which there is no agreement amongst experts. The Empiricist movement came back with a vengeance in the 20th century. Philosophers such as Bertrand Russell agreed with Hume that our knowledge begins with our knowledge of sense-data (classical empirical foundationalism). Armed with new discoveries in mathematics and logic, and backed by the successes of science, the logical positivists argued that the only proper way to investigate the world was the scientific way. If I say p and p is synthetic and there is no objective, scientific way to verify my claim that p, then my claim is meaningless. (This is the celebrated verification principle). So, if it is true that there atoms, we should be able to find empirical – sensory – evidence of them. If it is true that nothing happens without being caused to happen, then we likewise need scientific evidence for this. We cannot discover whether it is true by pure reason. The Logical Positivist movement failed. There is much that seems meaningful that is not objectively verifiable by the senses, such as the occurrence of private sensations. The principle makes it impossible for general claims such as â€Å"all mammals are warm-blooded† to be true, as we cannot verify all of them. The very verification principle itself fails its own test! The Logical Positivists responded by watering down their principle: a meaningful claim is one we could gather some evidence for in principle and the principle itself is special – exempt from this rule. But it was not enough. (* Then Quine argued that the fundamental division between analytic and synthetic sentences was incorrect. Analytic sentences cannot be false. But no sentence enjoys this privilege. As we learn more and more, truths we thought were beyond doubt are rejected. Once upon a time, we would have thought it analytic that no object can be in two places at once or that there is no fastest velocity. Quantum physics and general relativity theory show that they are not true. Instead, we should have a â€Å"web of belief†. At the centre are those sentences least likely to be revised – our â€Å"core beliefs†. As we move out, we find those sentences that would be easier and easier to accept as false – that would cause less and less disruption to the rest of what we believe. ) In the 1950s, Chomsky became famous for suggesting that we are not born as blank slates when it comes to language. We are born knowing the fundamental structures of human language. When we are young, we hear our mother tongue and use our knowledge of language to pick up our language very quickly. (At 24 months, the average child understands 500-700 words; at 36 months, 1000; at 48 around 2500-3000; at 60 around 5000 words: that’s around 7 words a day between 3 and 6). More recently, studies have shown that children are born with brains structured to â€Å"expect† the world to behave in certain way. Very young children expect objects to persist over time: not to disappear and reappear at two different places, for example. Is this a revival of rationalism? Not according to many people. Rationalists argued that we had innate concepts and knowledge. By reflection, we can discover them and manipulate them to gain new knowledge. But our â€Å"knowledge of language† is altogether different. None of us can easily articulate the rules we follow in generating syntactically-correct English. (And certainly none of us at all can articulate the â€Å"common structure rules† to all human languages. ) Our brains are certainly pre-programmed, but only perhaps in the same way that a computer is pre-wired: clearly something has to be there but nothing as advanced as software. So where are we today? No side is â€Å"victorious†: this would be to grossly over-simplify the debate between the empiricists and the rationalists. We definitely have minds in some way â€Å"ready† to receive the world – hardly surprising, perhaps, given the time it has taken for us to evolve. But when it comes to working out what is true? Few philosophers are rationalists in the old-fashioned way. There is no sharp division between metaphysics and science: our study of reality cannot be done from the armchair alone. But our capacity to grasp abstract mathematical truths has always been difficult to explain from an empiricist perspective. We seem to have an access to a mathematical realm and a cognitive or intuitive access instead of a sensory one. You can’t see numbers, after all, and it is not easy to say what we could â€Å"see† that would lead us to generate the ideas of numbers.

Yellow tail wine Essays

Yellow tail wine Essays Yellow tail wine Paper Yellow tail wine Paper In the US wine industry, Casella Wines created Yellow Tail, a new wine that broke away from competition and created a new market. They did not simply offer wine as an expensive drink but rather as a social drink available to all kinds of drinkers and consumers: cocktail, beer and other drinkers of non-wine beverages. In Just two years, Yellow Tail became the quickest growing brand in the histories of Australian and U. S. wine industries and is the most imported wine in the U. S. Yellow Tail surpassed its big competitors without campaigning, big broadcasting or major advertising. Other large wine businesses, on the other hand, took years of investment and advertising to create well-established brands. It not only took customers away from competitors but also expanded the market with more than 6 million new customers that consisted of non-wine drinkers (beer and cocktail drinkers). Furthermore, new wine consumers began to drink on a more regular basis and luxurious wine consumers started drinking Yellow Tail. Casella Wines developed new features in the U. S. wine industry by looking at the substitutes of beer and cocktails and looking at non-customers point of view. It created a wine that was easily selectable by anyone, along with being fun and adventurous. The wine company fgured out that the majority of Americans turned down wine due to the fact that they couldnt appreciate its alternative taste. For instance, beer and cocktails were sweetened and easier to drink. As a result, Yellow Tail emerged as a completely new category that combined some wine characteristics with a simple structure. It was instantaneously attractive to alcohol drinkers as a whole. It tasted soft and had strong flavors, with hints of fruitiness, allowing consumers to enjoy more than one glass of wine. This resulted in a simple wine that could be appreciated by anyone. Along with its sweet fruity flavor, Yellow Tail differed from other wines by getting rid of many features that were commonly competed on, including the need for ageing. This in turn reduced the working capital needed and created faster returns for the wines created. Although Yellow Tail was dramatically criticized by the wine industry for its fruity taste, which apparently lowered the quality and proper appreciation for wine, its sales spoke otherwise. In the U. S. , consumers felt overwhelmed and intimidated by the wide variety of wines offered. The wine bottles all resembled each other, the labels explaining how the wines were made was only understandable by experienced wine buyers, and the wide variety of wines from which to select was so wide that the sellers were equally disadvantaged in helping and recommending wines to customers. Yellow Tail fixed these problems by reducing the selection of wine offered. It developed only two types of wine: Chardonnay (a white wine) and Shiraz (a red wine). Their labels are consumer friendly and uncomplicated because they carry a simple design, which is a brand rather than an explanation about the rapes, soil, or aging process, used. They are prominent and striking ones presenting bright cultured Australian wallabies (kangaroo) on black backgrounds. They create an eye-catching display for wine. Moreover, simply offering two wines from the beginning (a red and a white) gave Casella Wines a quick start. It allowed them to offer both wines in the same shaped bottles, which simplified manufacturing and industry around the world was pleased to provide a new distilled drink. The appealing packaging, combined with the decent quality of the wines and the low rice ($7), proved to be a masterstroke. Undeniably, the strategies used by the big wine companies in the industry were targeted for the higher income bracket consumers, with billions invested in marketing and branding. However, by regarding the non-consumers, Yellow Tail discovered that this exclusive picture did not appeal and apply to the main population, who found it unapproachable. Yellow Tail thus moved away from this image and shaped a personality that reflected the Australian culture: boldness, adventure and fun, Just like the bottles and striking labels themselves.

What are the pros and cons of company's IPO Should company be floated Essay

What are the pros and cons of company's IPO Should company be floated at all - Essay Example Although the aim of growth is to bring benefits to the company, there exist both pros and cons that can arise from this process of going public (Helwege 2004, p.541). Pros and cons of Initial Public Offer (IPO) There are several advantages that accrue to a company by going public. As mentioned above, the principal advantage is the financial benefit through raising capital. An IPO adds a value on the company's stock. In addition, those insiders retaining stock are able to sell their shares or even use them as collateral (Datta 2000, p.715). Going public also creates a currency type in the form of its stock, which can be used in making acquisitions. In addition, there is a possibility that the company can access the capital markets for its future financing needs. Overall, a company's debt-to-equity ratio improves considerably after an initial public offering, which indicates that the business is likely to earn more favorable loan terms from its lenders (Datta 2000, p. 716). Another adv antage is the increase of public awareness of the company. IPOs normally produce more publicity by increasing the awareness of their products to a new group of potential customers. Subsequently this is expected to increase the company’s market share. The founders can also use the IPO as an exit strategy. Many venture capitalists have tried this in an attempt to open up successful companies (Hao 2007, p.112). For others, the prestige associated with the public companies or a post of a director or officer of any public company has a certain allure. Furthermore, going public puts the company ahead for promotion. The publicly traded companies are mostly better known than non-publicly traded ones. The company can gain publicity and a stable image by trading publicly. This makes the public companies offer a wide variety of stock, which has a considerable potential of significant appreciation in value. Those companies will trade publicly and portray a positive image hence attracting highly qualified personnel at all levels of management. It is possible to view such companies as growth-oriented hence their duty is to answer to a board of directors and shareholders who in turn demand increased profitability as frequent as possible, and also act quickly to solve managerial problems and also replace those senior executives who are performing poorly (Benninga 2005, p.117). Although the benefits of an IPO are many, there are certain challenges. One outstanding challenge is the disclosure of information to investors. There is a high cost of complying with the regulatory requirements. Other costs that will also arise include the generation of financial reporting documents and audit fees (Hao 2007, p.112). This will subject the public companies to added pressure of the market. This may force them to focus mainly on short-term results rather than their long-term growth. Since the investor is keen on profits, management will be under scrutiny. This may trigger the manage ment to engage in questionable practices in order to increase earnings. Another setback of going public is that these public companies operate under precise scrutiny. There is disclosure of confidential information touching on the company including those transactions with management; the prospectus divulges prior violation of security law and executive compensation. This may be confidential information belonging to the company that it may be reluctant to reveal. Furthermore, formalisation of the decision-making process follows and with less flexibility when the shareholders are also there. This may bring complexities to these companies. Previously, decision making was quite flexible due to the presence of few people. The company is also subject to

Describe the role of emotions in interpersonal communication and Essay

Describe the role of emotions in interpersonal communication and analyse their implications for workplace interactions - Essay Example When people communicate by use of emotions, they call attention to themselves and provide information to others that may inform how their reaction should be. Often, people learn through socialization how to display and read emotions. However, some people are undoubtedly better in reading emotions than others (Payne & Cooper, 2001, p. 28). Emotions are expressed in two forms; primary emotions and secondary emotions. Primary emotions are experienced for a short time. The reaction is as a result of an outside stimulus and experienced similarly across cultures. Such emotions include joy, anger, fear, distress, disgust and surprise. Secondary emotions do not tend to be innate as primary emotions. They always have a corresponding facial expression that makes them to be recognized by other people. The secondary emotions are processed by a different part of the brain that encompasses higher order thinking. They are not reflexive and include guilt, shame, pride, love, embarrassment, envy, jealousy and pride. They develop over time and take long to fade away. They are regarded as interpersonal since they are experienced many times in relation to real or imagined others. Consequently, they tend to be more influenced by thoughts that can be managed. It means that people can become competent communicators through becoming aware of how they experience and express their secondary emotions. There is more cultural variation in the expression and meaning of secondary emotions hence they are still universal for they are experienced by all cultures (Payne & Cooper, 2001, p. 30). Emotions are shaped by perceptions, social experiences, physiology and language. These elements interact continuously to come up with people’s experience of emotions. Theories of emotions are related to social influences, perceptional influences and